Kimberly ann voltemas biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For upset uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For high-mindedness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until top assassination in 1865.

He undress the United States through decency American Civil War, defending probity nation as a constitutional uniting, defeating the Confederacy, playing pure major role in the cancellation ofslavery, expanding the power perceive the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in systematic log cabin in Kentucky, point of view was raised on the bound, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a attorney, Whig Party leader, Illinois set down legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquian. In 1849, he returned assortment his successful law practice pressure Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, infuriated by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to enslavement, he re-entered politics.

He in the near future became a leader of honourableness new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in representation 1858 Senate campaign debates refuse to comply Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, all-inclusive the North to gain triumph. Pro-slavery elements in the Southmost viewed his election as cool threat to slavery, and South states began seceding from decency nation.

They formed the Combine States of America, which began seizing federal military bases wear the South. A little support one month after Lincoln appropriated the presidency, Confederate forces phony Fort Sumter, a U.S. assemble in South Carolina. Following interpretation bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces test suppress the rebellion and declare the union.

Lincoln, a reasonable Republican, had to navigate splendid contentious array of factions market friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, mandatory harsh treatment of the Confederate Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual armed conflict, carefully distributing political patronage, see by appealing to the English people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some pole 2 pro-Confederate elements went so distance off as to plot his traducement. His Gettysburg Address became reschedule of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln together supervised the strategy and occupation in the war effort, inclusive of the selection of generals, flourishing implemented a naval blockade endorse the South's trade.

He pendent habeas corpus in Maryland beginning elsewhere, and he averted conflict with Britain by defusing justness Trent Affair. In 1863, blooper issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in character states "in rebellion" to have someone on free. It also directed honourableness Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom homework said persons" and to obtain them "into the armed funny turn of the United States." Lawyer pressured border states to hamper slavery, and he promoted picture Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, excluding as punishment for a offence. Lincoln managed his own rich re-election campaign. He sought give rise to heal the war-torn nation amount reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after birth Confederate surrender at Appomattox, closure was attending a play present Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, what because he was fatally shot unused Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Stand.

Lincoln is remembered tempt a martyr and a practice hero for his wartime predominance and for his efforts correspond with preserve the Union and stop slavery. He is often compacted in both popular and cultivated polls as the greatest presidentship in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life challenging career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Clocksmith Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin vision Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a minor of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Port, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family shame subsequent generations migrated west, ephemeral through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, ahead Virginia. Lincoln was also swell descendant of the Harrison brotherhood of Virginia; his paternal father and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Town to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] High-mindedness captain was killed in nickel-and-dime Indian raid in 1786.

Ruler children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Clocksmith then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee formerly the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the indeed 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln practical widely assumed to be justness daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Poet and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Department, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who boring as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln grasping multiple farms in Kentucky, nevertheless could not get clear assets titles to any, losing word of acres of land connect property disputes.

In 1816, righteousness family moved to Indiana, ring the land surveys and laurels were more reliable. They appointed in an "unbroken forest" unappealing Little Pigeon Creek Community, Cyclone Township, Perry County, Indiana. Like that which the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been celebrated to the Union as first-class "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except walk, though "no new enslaved be sociable were allowed, ...

currently burdened individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land inscription difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a husbandman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At several times he owned farms, farm animals, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were comrades of a Separate Baptist Religous entity, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, chat, horse racing, and dancing." Maximum of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, veto area that became known renovation Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lawyer died from milk sickness, dying 11-year-old Sarah in charge fairhaired a household including her ecclesiastic, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Stick years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while bighearted birth to a stillborn offspring, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of gibe own. Abraham became close line of attack his stepmother and called recede "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said soil was lazy, for all rule "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother indubitable he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal teaching was from itinerant teachers.

Originate included two short stints soupзon Kentucky, where he learned catch read, but probably not unexpected write. In Indiana at litter seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only intermittently, for a total of less than 12 months in add by age 15. Nonetheless, sand remained an avid reader avoid retained a lifelong interest referee learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings be a factor the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, President was the recipient of nominal degrees later in life, as well as an honorary Doctor of Libretto from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a pubescent, his "father grew more attend to more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to restrain the family afloat.

He likewise regularly hired his son malicious to work ... and from one side to the ot law, he was entitled go everything the boy earned depending on he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and lusty, and became adept at turn to account an ax. He was air active wrestler during his girlhood and trained in the badmannered catch-as-catch-can style (also known style catch wrestling).

He became patch wrestling champion at the spotlight of 21.^[39] He gained a-one reputation for his strength refuse audacity after winning a rassling match with the renowned head of ruffians known as character Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness putsch, several members of the prolonged Lincoln family, including Abraham, played west to Illinois, a sterile state, and settled in City County.^[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in soul, due to his father's need of interest in education.

Infiltrate 1831, as Thomas and subsequent family members prepared to have in stock to a new homestead prosperous Coles County, Illinois, Abraham false out on his own. Why not? made his home in In mint condition Salem, Illinois, for six mature. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, alongside flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln kinsmen, Health of Abraham Lincoln, put forward Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met in the way that he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack bargain any specific recollection of first-class romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death announcement hard, saying that he could not bear the idea win rain falling on Ann's acute.

Lincoln sank into a gargantuan episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation give it some thought he had been in prize with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens alien Kentucky. Late in 1836, Attorney agreed to a match vacate Owens if she returned effect New Salem. Owens arrived range November and he courted her; however, they both had next thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a indication saying he would not accuse her if she ended primacy relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and grandeur following year they became affianced. She was the daughter supporting Robert Smith Todd, a affluent lawyer and businessman in Concord, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln exact not appear, but they obedient and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield habitat of Mary's sister.^[55] While nervously preparing for the nuptials, filth was asked where he was going and replied, "To ernal region, I suppose".

In 1844, prestige couple bought a house undecorated Springfield near his law profession. Mary kept house with rectitude help of a hired domestic servant and a relative.

Lincoln was make illegal affectionate husband and father capture four sons, though his pointless regularly kept him away cause the collapse of home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only kid to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born limit 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's 3rd son, "Willie" Lincoln, was provincial on December 21, 1850, charge died of a fever at the same height the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Apostle "Tad" Lincoln, was born give an account April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died time off heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" stall the Lincolns were not thoughtful to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's banned partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln helpless his children to the illegitimate office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed ancestry his work to notice queen children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and hang around a time that I desirable to wring their little necks, and yet out of catch on for Lincoln I kept dejected mouth shut.

Lincoln did categorize note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie take precedence Willie had profound effects philosophy both parents. Lincoln suffered reject "melancholy", a condition now mull it over to be clinical depression.^[49] Afterwards in life, Mary struggled assort the stresses of losing contain husband and sons, and pin down 1875 Robert committed her fight back an asylum.

Early career and national guard service

Further information: Early life with career of Abraham Lincoln jaunt Abraham Lincoln in the Smoke-darkened Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a usual store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared fillet candidacy for the Illinois Council house of Representatives, but interrupted culminate campaign to serve as organized captain in the Illinois Fencibles during the Black Hawk Battle. When Lincoln returned home get round the Black Hawk War, earth planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a association with 21-year-old William Berry, hear whom he purchased a Spanking Salem general store on goodness.

Because a license was obligatory to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and myself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a watering-hole as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were stable to sell spirits, including hard stuff, for 12 cents a jar.

They offered a wide band together of alcoholic beverages as be a winner as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an exhilarating, was often too drunk at hand work, and Lincoln ended put right running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was cracking, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln know about sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In queen first campaign speech after recurring from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in say publicly crowd under attack, grabbed probity assailant by his "neck take the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In interpretation campaign, Lincoln advocated for siren improvements on the Sangamon Proceed. He could draw crowds monkey a raconteur, but lacked illustriousness requisite formal education, powerful gathering, and money, and lost integrity election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth rough idea of 13 candidates (the hold up four were elected), though good taste received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the Advanced Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Pristine Salem's postmaster and later sort county surveyor, but continued crown voracious reading and decided come to get become a lawyer.^[68] Rather pat studying in the office sketch out an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed permissible texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries stake Chitty's Pleadings, and read decree on his own.^[68] He afterward said of his legal tending that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second induct house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a mighty Whig opponent.

Then followed climax four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction blame the Illinois and Michigan Render, and later was a Messenger Commissioner.^[72] He voted to become fuller suffrage beyond white landowners conversation all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance antipathetic both slavery and abolition.

Provide 1837, he declared, "[The] Origination of slavery is founded split both injustice and bad scheme, but the promulgation of destruction doctrines tends rather to elaborate than abate its evils." Purify echoed Henry Clay's support stick up for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of elimination in conjunction with settling forgive explain slaves in Liberia.

He was common to the Illinois bar yjunction September 9, 1836,^[77] and captive to Springfield and began stop with practice law under John Planned.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lawyer emerged as a formidable check combatant during cross-examinations and nearby arguments. He partnered several maturity with Stephen T. Logan, refuse in 1844, began his explore with William Herndon, "a attentive young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 stage old, delivered his first older speech at the Lyceum break down Springfield, Illinois, after the fratricide of newspaper editor Elijah Flock Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military tall could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If breaking up be our lot, we forced to ourselves be its author allow finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior skin that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Colliery.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders rot off a chain reaction guarantee ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln advice run for President.^[82]

U.S. House slate Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his slant, Lincoln professed to friends cut down 1861 to be "an betray line Whig, a disciple go with Henry Clay".

Their party pet economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements with railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, President sought the Whig nomination in behalf of Illinois's 7th district seat discern the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Can J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in concluding Hardin to one term.

Lawyer not only pulled off fillet strategy of gaining the date in 1846, but also won the election. He was rectitude only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful introduction any participated in almost rivet votes and made speeches drift toed the party line. Proscribed was assigned to the Congress on Post Office and Be alert Roads and the Committee version Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Regard.

Giddings on a bill cling on to abolish slavery in the Resident of Columbia with compensation nurse the owners, enforcement to take fugitive slaves, and a favoured vote on the matter. Forbidden dropped the bill when leave behind eluded Whig support.^[