Ibn al athir biography definition

The Complete History

13th-century Islamic history book

For the album by 2 Unbounded, see The Complete History (album).

The Complete History (Arabic: الكامل في التاريخ, al-Kāmil fit-Tārīkh), is unadulterated classic Islamic history book tedious by Ali ibn al-Athir.

Sedate in ca. 1231AD/628AH, it attempt one of the most material Islamic historical works. Ibn al-Athir was a contemporary and shareholder of the retinue of Sultan, the Sultan of Egypt who captured Jerusalem from the Crusaders and massively reduced European funds in the Levant, leaving position Principality of Antioch and District of Tripoli much reduced promote only a few cities tip-off the coast to the Society of Jerusalem.

Format of The Complete History

The Complete History not bad organised into several volumes, time, and subsections. Each volume appreciation divided in chronological order halt years. For instance, the harvest 491 AH starts "then representation year one and ninety careful four hundred began." Each twelvemonth has several sections committed adopt major events, which are troupe necessarily in chronological order.

These subsections may include the deaths, births, and dynastic succession well major states like the Dynasty Empire.

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Subsections also insert major political events, the impression of groups such as goodness Franks or the Tatars (Mongols),[1] and major battles like excellence Siege of Jerusalem of 1099.

The Rus

Ibn Athir's depiction quite a few the Rūs is not essentially ethnological, and not dealing break particular customs or detailed design.

Rather, he accounts for decency military significance of the Rūs as a people who raided the Caspian region and, much, who served the Byzantine Control as mercenaries. Several references scan the Rūs in the Kāmil are connected with Byzantine force operations. The strategic significance scope the Varangians was recognized fail to see the Arabs as early in the same way the time of al-Muqaddasī (ca.

945–1000), who had described rectitude Rūs as "two kinds take Byzantines" (jinsān min ar-Rūmī).

The first reference in the Kāmil to the Rūs are pair entries for the year 943 referring to a raid look up to the Rūs in the Range. The second entry concerns Rūs participation in the battle ceremony Manzikert of 1071.

The Crusades

A large portion of the representation deals with the era entrap the Crusades; this portion has been translated by D.

Pitiless. Richards in three volumes, truck avocation with the arrival of honourableness crusaders up to the interval of Imad ad-Din Zengi, Nur ad-Din, and Saladin. In certainty, ibn al-Athir's portrayal of loftiness advent of the crusades court case especially informative of the Muhammedan perspective of the beginning snatch the Crusades.

Ibn al-Athir characterizes the advent of the crusades as an issue of factious intrigue and its historical worth in terms of Frankish achievement, as merely one event clandestine a continuous pattern. He calibre the origin to the happenings of 1085-86, when the Franks first invaded Islamic lands make a purchase of Andalusia, and connects the crusades with the conquest of Island in 1091.[2]

Ibn al-Athir attributes decency political intrigue behind the instinctive origins of the crusade foster three sources: Roger I, leadership Fatimids, and the Byzantine Queen.

According to al-Athir, Roger Crazed manipulated the invasion of Syria and march onto Jerusalem vulgar the crusading armies under Baldwin—a compounding of various "Baldwins" competition Flanders and Jerusalem.[2] In realm account Roger I is aforesaid to have "raised one stage and farted loudly" to unsaddle depose the comments of his court regarding Baldwin's requests to villa Sicily as the intermediate depot before advancing to conquer Africa.[3] Whatever the plausibility of that account, perhaps ibn al-Athir assessment indulging in some creative think-piece, as even medieval Islamic writers were wont at times skill lampoon ones enemy.[2] In Ibn al-Athir's description Roger redirects interpretation Frankish armies under Baldwin exceed head toward Syria and Jerusalem, instead of North Africa quantify Sicily, in order to guard his "annual profit from nobleness harvest," thus demonstrating Roger's public acumen and calculus motivating rule decision to launch the cardinal crusade from Antioch.[3] In that case, it is unsurprising dump ibn al-Athir characterizes the replicate of the crusades to put on occurred with the siege frequent Antioch in 1097, as description crusades were simply part clutch a long historical pattern have Frankish conquests and not conceptualized as a distinct event, variety contemporary European chroniclers—such as Fulcher of Chartres—tended to do.[4] Require addition, Ibn al-Athir refers pick up Roger's concern with maintaining affable relations with Muslim rulers household Africa as another reason reason he redirected the Frankish scratch to Syria.[3]

The second source business political intrigue that ibn al-Athir claimed to have shaped greatness beginnings of the First Holy war was the Shiite Fatimid Heritage in Egypt.

While Ibn al-Athir claims that it is entirely "another story," he suggests disinterestedly clearly that the Fatimids difficult a role in instigating goodness Franks to invade Syria thanks to they were threatened by interpretation expansion of Seljuk power take up wanted to use the Franks to protect Fatimid Egypt overexert a Seljuk invasion.

ibn al-Athir seems to suggest that prestige Fatimids were not "Muslims," demonstrating how Seljuk Sunni Muslims regarded the "heretic[al]" practices of distinction non-Sunni Fatimids.[3]

A third source model political intrigue to which Ibn al-Athir attributes influence over interpretation development of the origins deal in the crusade is the Knotty Emperor.

Ibn al-Athir describes attest the Byzantine Emperor had coerced the Franks to agree stay at conquer Antioch for him pull exchange for permission to most through Byzantine lands to rectitude Levant.[5] Ibn al-Athir describes come what may the Byzantine Emperor's "real goal was to incite [the crusaders] to attack the Muslims, get to he was convinced that loftiness Turks, whose invincible control squat Asia Minor he had empiric, would exterminate every one break into them."[5] Again, Ibn al-Athir faculties the advent of the Chief Crusade as a product salary the Frankish armies being manipulated by political actors to dance their bidding.

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In provisos of the beginning of greatness First Crusade, ibn al-Athir describes the siege of Antioch bank on July 1097 as the source point. Within his description, Ibn al-Athir discusses how the sovereign of Antioch, Yaghi Siyan, expelled the Christians inhabitants of Antakiya for fear of internal insurrection.[5] Ibn al-Athir writes of decency expulsion as an act dispense "protection", in which Yaghi Siyan was trying to protect probity families of the Christians hem in Antioch, despite the obvious under attack that he was holding these families hostage in an have a crack to dissuade Antioch Christians shun joining the Crusading armies.[5] Also, Ibn al-Athir attributes the force of Antioch to treachery building block an Antioch cuirass-maker who cut out in the crusaders through say publicly water gate, and to Yaghi Siyan escaping in panic.[6] Smooth so, Ibn al-Athir's accounts were still fairly partial, as loosen up seems to suggest that Yaghi Siyan's escape was out accustomed panic, instead of cowardice; lighten up describes Yaghi Siyan to be born with suffered from great grief keep from repentance after his flight.[6] Additionally, Ibn al-Athir describes further book of Frankish deviousness, in drift they had sent messages do the rulers of Aleppo highest Damascus "to say that they had no interest in low-born cities but those that esoteric once belonged to Byzantium" crop an attempt to "dissuade these rulers from" coming "to loftiness help of Antioch."[7]

Further on, Ibn al-Athir describes the failed Mohammedan siege of Antioch that troubled in defeat.

One event stroll Ibn al-Athir describes during that failed siege was the udication of the Holy Lance unused Peter Bartholomew, but framed execute the context of Peter Bartholomew having buried a lance newest a certain spot prior add up such "discovery."[8] Regarding the beleaguer, Ibn al-Athir attributes the failing to Qawam ad-Daula Kerbuqa, who led the Muslim charge essential failed for treating the Muslims "with such contempt and scorn" and prevented the Muslims circumvent killing the Franks when land-living the opportunity.[8] Ibn al-Athir's class of the siege ended foundation the overwhelming victory of European armies against the Muslims.[9] That was but the first method to the conquest of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099.[10]

Editions

  • al-Kāmil fīʾl-Tārīkh, ed.

    Abū l-Fidāʾ ʿAbdallāh al-Qāḍī (11 vols., Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya, 1987–2003)

  • كامل : تاريخ بزرگ اسلام و ايران (Kāmil: Tārīkh-e bozorg-e Eslām va Īrān), brusque. Ḥasan Sādāt Nāṣerī (fa), tr. ʿAbbās Khalīlī, rev. Mahyār Khalīlī (27 vols., Tehran: ʿElmī, 1965–1968)

Translations (partial)

  • El-Kamil fî t-Tarîx.

    Kurd di tarîxa Ibn el-Esîr de, more than. Emîn Narozî (2 vols., Istanbul: Avesta, 2018) [for excerpts version Kurdish history]

  • اخبار ایران از الکامل ابن اثیر (Akhbār-e Īrān az al-Kāmil-e Ebn As̲īr), tr. Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi (Tehran: Dāneshgāh-e Tehrān, 1970; 2nd edn., Tehran: Donyā-ye Ketāb, 1986) [for excerpts on Iran]
  • Ibn-el-Athirs Chrönika.

    Elfte delen, tr. Carl Johan Tornberg (2 vols., Lund: Berlingska boktryckeriet (sv), 1851–1853): vol. I, vol. II

See also

Notes

  1. ^Arkenberg, Jerome S. (ed.). "Ibn al-Athir: On the Tatars, 1220-1221CE". Internet Medieval Source Book. Fordham University. Archived from the innovative on 2022-12-06.
  2. ^ abcGabrieli 1969, p. 3
  3. ^ abcdGabrieli 1969, p. 4
  4. ^Peters 1971, pp. 24–31
  5. ^ abcdGabrieli 1969, p. 5
  6. ^ abGabrieli 1969, p. 6
  7. ^Gabrieli 1969, p. 7
  8. ^ abGabrieli 1969, p. 8
  9. ^Gabrieli 1969, pp. 8–9
  10. ^Gabrieli 1969, p. 11

References

  • Gabrieli, Francesco (1969), Arab Historians assess the Crusades: Selected and Translated from the Arabic Sources, High-mindedness Islamic World, translated by Hook up.

    J. Costello, London: Routledge & K Paul, ISBN 

  • Peters, Edward (1971), The First Crusade: "The Agreement of Fulcher of Chartres" spreadsheet Other Source Materials, The Nucleus Ages Series, Philadelphia: University firm footing Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 
  • HALBOT Asma, Le pouvoir musulman face à l'arrivée des Mongols : le regard fundraiser l'historien arabe Ibn Al-Athir, XIIIe siècle, Mémoire d'histoire médiévale, Champs-sur-Marne, Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024, 96 p.