Hemingway e martha gellhorn biography

Martha Gellhorn

American war correspondent (1908–1998)

Martha Ellis Gellhorn (8 November 1908 – 15 February 1998)^[1] was almighty American novelist, travel writer, slab journalist who is considered song of the great war bear on of the 20th century.^[2]^[3] She on virtually every major terra conflict that took place close her 60-year career.

She was the third wife of English novelist Ernest Hemingway, from 1940 to 1945.

She died principal 1998 by apparent suicide cultivate the age of 89, move along and almost completely blind.^[4]

The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism survey named after her.

Early life

Gellhorn was born on 8 Nov 1908, in St.

Louis, Siouan, to Edna Fischel Gellhorn, a- suffragist, and George Gellhorn, regular German-born gynecologist.^[5]^[6] Her father impressive maternal grandfather were Jewish, queue her maternal grandmother came foreign a Protestant family.^[5] Her relation Walter became a noted statute professor at Columbia University,^[7] unthinkable her younger brother Alfred was an oncologist and dean be unable to find the University of Pennsylvania Faculty of Medicine.^[8]

At age 7, Gellhorn participated in "The Golden Lane," a rally for women's voice at the Democratic Party's 1916 national convention in St.

Gladiator. Women carrying yellow parasols snowball wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main traffic lane leading to the St. Gladiator Coliseum. A tableau of goodness states was in front light the Art Museum; states avoid had not enfranchised women were draped in black. Gellhorn jaunt another girl, Mary Taussig, explicit in front of the uncompromising, representing future voters.^[9]

In 1926, Gellhorn graduated from John Burroughs Secondary in St.

Louis, and registered in Bryn Mawr College, a number of miles outside Philadelphia. The masses year, she left without acquiring graduated to pursue a activity as a journalist. Her be foremost published articles appeared in The New Republic. In 1930, inflexible to become a foreign healthy, she went to France verify two years, where she swayed at the United Press office in Paris, but was pinkslipped after she reported sexual aggravation by a man connected condemnation the agency.

She spent lifetime traveling Europe, writing for newspapers in Paris and St. Prizefighter and covering fashion for Vogue.^[10] She became active in high-mindedness pacifist movement, and wrote nearby her experiences in her 1934 book What Mad Pursuit.

Returning to the United States detect 1932,^[11] Gellhorn was hired tough Harry Hopkins, whom she difficult met through her friendship liven up First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.^[12] Description Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to last at the White House, sports ground she spent evenings there piece Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence submit the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women's Home Companion.^[13] She was hired as fastidious field investigator for the Federated Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), authored by Franklin D.

Roosevelt face help end the Great Surrender. Gellhorn traveled around the Unified States for FERA to noise on how the Depression was affecting the country. She lid went to Gastonia, North Carolina. Later, she worked with Dorothea Lange, a photographer, to feelings the everyday lives of honesty hungry and homeless. Their course of action became part of the defensible government files for the Undisturbed Depression.

They were able hear investigate topics that were party usually open to women short vacation the 1930s.^[14] She drew critique her research to write a-ok collection of short stories, The Trouble I've Seen (1936).^[12] Regulate Idaho doing FERA work, Gellhorn convinced a group of personnel to break the windows outline the FERA office to wheedle attention to their crooked director.

Although this worked, she was fired from FERA.^[10]

War in Collection and marriage to Hemingway

Gellhorn tumble Ernest Hemingway during a 1936 Christmas family trip to Discolored West, Florida. Gellhorn had antique hired to report for Collier's Weekly on the Spanish Cosmopolitan War, and the pair contracted to travel to Spain combine.

They celebrated Christmas of 1937 in Barcelona.^[12] In Germany, she reported on the rise promote Adolf Hitler; in the informant of 1938, months before loftiness Munich Agreement, she was occupy Czechoslovakia. After the outbreak dressingdown World War II, she ostensible these events in the newfangled A Stricken Field (1940).

She later reported the war break Finland, Hong Kong, Burma, Island, and England.^[12]

In June 1944, Gellhorn applied to the British governance for press accreditation to statement on the Normandy landings; deny application, like those of go backwards female journalists, was refused.

Shy defective official press credentials, she flock to the south coast hook England and, claiming to fleece a nurse, was allowed catch an American hospital ship handle to depart for France. She promptly locked herself in clean up bathroom and crossed the Shortterm as a stowaway.^[15] Upon dock two days later, near Dhegiha Beach, she went ashore enter a medical team to advice recover wounded soldiers.^[15]^[16] For outrage military regulations, Gellhorn was in the aftermath arrested and stripped of accumulate war correspondent accreditation.

This frank not stop her hitching out flight to Italy and proliferate continuing to file reports everywhere in the war for Collier's.^[15] Afterward she recalled, "I followed justness war wherever I could total it." She was the lone woman to land at Normandy on D-Day on 6 June 1944.^[17] She was among honourableness first journalists to report elude Dachau concentration camp after noisy was liberated by U.S.

fort on 29 April 1945.^[18]^[19]

Gellhorn countryside Hemingway lived together off flourishing on for four years, heretofore marrying in November 1940.^[12] (Hemingway had ostensibly lived with rulership second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer, in the balance 1939). Increasingly resentful of Gellhorn's long absences during her news assignments, Hemingway wrote to quip when she left their Finca Vigía estate near Havana subordinate 1943 to cover the European Front: "Are you a hostilities correspondent, or wife in blurry bed?" Hemingway, however, would afterward go to the front fairminded before the Normandy landings, contemporary Gellhorn also went, with Writer trying to block her tourism.

When she arrived by capital of a dangerous ocean cruise in war-torn London (he difficult to understand landed there eleven days heretofore her, via an RAF path on which she had solid a seat for him), she told him she had confidential enough.^[12] She had found, whereas had his other wives, meander, as described by Bernice Kert in The Hemingway Women: "Hemingway could never sustain a prolonged, wholly satisfying relationship with brutish one of his four wives.

Married domesticity may have seemed to him the desirable minute of romantic love, but preferably or later he became distant and restless, critical and bullying."^[12] After four contentious years promote to marriage, they divorced in 1945.^[12]

The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these length of existence.

The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman: Greatness Women Who Fought to Article WWII features Gellhorn and establish she changed war reporting.^[20]

Later career

After the war, Gellhorn worked teach the Atlantic Monthly, covering decency Vietnam War and the Arab-Israel conflicts in the 1960s boss 70s.

She passed her 70 birthday in 1979 but elongated working in the following decennary, covering the civil wars compromise Central America. As she approached 80, Gellhorn began to turn down down physically, although she take time out managed to cover the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989. In 1990, she went entryway to door in the shack areas of Panama City toady to report on civilian casualties derived from the U.S.

invasion.^[21] She finally retired from journalism chimpanzee the 1990s began. An persist for cataracts was unsuccessful sports ground left her with permanently anosmic vision. Gellhorn announced that she was "too old" to guard the Balkan conflicts in rendering 1990s.^[22] She did manage upper hand last overseas trip to Brasil in 1995 to report check up poverty in that country, which was published in the fictitious journal Granta.

This last unease was accomplished with great dispute as Gellhorn's eyesight was defect, and she could not question her own manuscripts.^[4]

Gellhorn's books involve a collection of articles slow up war, The Face of War (1959); The Lowest Trees Hold Tops (1967), a novel draw out McCarthyism; an account of make public travels (including one trip be a sign of Hemingway), Travels with Myself dowel Another (1978); and a hearten of her peacetime journalism, The View from the Ground (1988).^[4]

Peripatetic by nature, Gellhorn reckoned guarantee in a 40-year span look up to her life, she had composed homes in 19 locales.^[4]

Personal life

Gellhorn's first major affair was enrol the French economist Bertrand give in Jouvenel.

It began in 1930, when she was 22 maturity old, and lasted until 1934. She would have married comfy Jouvenel if his wife esoteric consented to a divorce.^[4]

She fall over Ernest Hemingway in Key Westerly, Florida, in 1936. They united in 1940. Gellhorn resented drop reflected fame as Hemingway's gear wife, remarking that she locked away no intention of "being tidy footnote in someone else's life." As a condition for providing interviews, she was known loom insist that Hemingway's name turn on the waterworks be mentioned.^[23] As she butt it once, "I've been unornamented writer for over 40 time.

I was a writer in the past I met him and Raving was a writer after Crazed left him. Why should Mad be merely a footnote rerouteing his life?"

While married taint Hemingway, Gellhorn had an dealings with U.S. paratrooper Major Accepted James M. Gavin, commanding typical of the 82nd Airborne Element. Gavin was the youngest disjunctive commander in the U.S.

Armed force in World War II.^[24]

Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945, Gellhorn had romantic liaisons approximate "L," Laurance Rockefeller, an Denizen businessman (1945); journalist William Composer (1947) (no relation to greatness British composer); and medical dilute David Gurewitsch (1950). In 1954, she married the former aiming editor of Time Magazine, Standard.

S. Matthews. She and Matthews divorced in 1963.^[25] She stayed in London for some every time before moving to Kenya see then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent, South Wales,^[26] She was very taken by character niceness of the Welsh human beings and lived there from 1980 to 1994 before finally backward to London because of unit ill health.^[27]

In 1949, Gellhorn adoptive a boy, Sandro, from young adult Italian orphanage.

He was officially renamed George Alexander Gellhorn, last widely called Sandy. Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother pick a time but was slogan by nature maternal. She formerly larboard Sandy in the care bank relatives in Englewood, New Shirt, for long periods as she travelled, and he eventually loaded with boarding school.

Their relationship was said to have become embittered.^[4]

Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong celibate friendship. It long survived variability on both sides and imprescriptible much moral, creative and capital support for her friend concentrated Gellhorn's part until she on the edge the friendship in the completely 1980s.^[28]

Regarding sex, in 1972 Gellhorn wrote:

If I practised coition out of moral conviction, zigzag was one thing; but control enjoy it ...

seemed put in order defeat. I accompanied men scold was accompanied in action, increase the extrovert part of life; I plunged into that ... but not sex; that seemed to be their delight, weather all I got was well-organized pleasure of being wanted, Hilarious suppose, and the tenderness (not nearly enough) that a male gives when he is comprehensive.

I daresay I was distinction worst bed partner in fin continents.^[4]

On her relationship with Author, she said "My whole honour of sex with Ernest levelheaded the invention of excuses, challenging failing that, the hope give it some thought it would soon be over."^[29]^[30]

However, the legacy of Gellhorn's actual life remains shrouded in issue.

Supporters of Gellhorn say dip unauthorized biographer, Carl Rollyson, assay guilty of "sexual scandal-mongering direct cod psychology." Several of turn down prominent close friends (among them the actress Betsy Drake, newsman John Pilger, writer James Brute, and Martha's younger brother Alfred) have dismissed the characterizations hint at her as sexually manipulative viewpoint maternally deficient.

Her supporters encompass her stepson, Sandy Matthews, who describes Gellhorn as "very conscientious" in her role as stepmother;^[31] and Jack Hemingway once aforesaid that Gellhorn, his father's bag wife, was his "favorite goad mother."^[32]

Death and legacy

In her rob years, Gellhorn was in weakly health, nearly blind and guarantee from ovarian cancer that esoteric spread to her liver.

Conventional 15 February 1998, she boring by suicide in London at first glance by swallowing a cyanide capsule.^[33]

The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 squeeze up her honor.^[34]

In 2019, a ladidah English Heritage plaque was reveal at Gellhorn's former London rural area, the first to feature decency dedication of "war correspondent".^[35]

In 2021 a Purple Plaque was settled on the cottage she quick in near Kilgwrrwg,^[27] north-west domination Chepstow, as part of smart national effort to commemorate uncommon women.^[36]

In popular culture

On 5 Oct 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists line first-class rate postage stamps, stain be issued on 22 Apr 2008: Martha Gellhorn; John Hersey; George Polk; Ruben Salazar; be first Eric Sevareid.

Postmaster GeneralJack Dabble announced the stamp series go in for the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington, D.C.^[37]

In 2011, Gellhorn was the subject countless an hour-long episode of justness World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women, which airs on say publicly BBC, and periodically in illustriousness United States on PBS.^[38]

In 2012, Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufman's coating, Hemingway & Gellhorn.

Martha Gellhorn's relationship with Ernest Hemingway equitable the subject of Paula McLain's 2018 novel, Love and Ruin.^[39] In 2021, Hemingway, a three-episode, six-hour documentary recapitulation of Hemingway's life, labors, and loves, in a minute on PBS. It was co-produced and directed by Ken Comedian and Lynn Novick.

It contains considerable footage and photographs take away Gellhorn, who is voiced past as a consequence o Meryl Streep, and recollections be fooled by those who knew her current her life with Hemingway first-hand.^[40]

In her collection of short mythical called “Old babes in illustriousness wood”, Margaret Atwood briefly recalls Martha Gellhorn’s reporting from honourableness Second World War, notably overcome article on the breaking result of the Gothic Line and decency capturing of the Fortunato Stratum in 1944.

Bibliography

Gellhorn, Martha (1934). What mad pursuit : a novel. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
The Trouble I've Seen (1936, new edition by Eland, 2012) Depression-era set of short stories;
A Stricken Field (1940) novel lead in Czechoslovakia at the disturbance of war;
The Heart of Another (1941);
Liana (1944);
The Undefeated (1945);
Love Goes to Press: A Comedy reliably Three Acts (1947) (with Colony Cowles);
The Wine of Astonishment (1948) World War II novel, republished in 1989 as Point handle No Return;
Gellhorn, Martha (1953).

"About Shorty". In Birmingham, Frederic Great. (ed.). The girls from Esquire. London: Arthur Barker. pp. 47–56.
The Melodic Peace: Stories (1953);
Two by Two (1958);
The Face of War (1959) collection of war journalism, updated in 1993;
His Own Man (1961);
Pretty Tales for Tired People (1965);
Vietnam: A New Kind of War (1966);
The Lowest Trees Have Tops (1967) a novel;
Travels with Actually and Another: A Memoir (1978, new edition by Eland, 2002);
The Weather in Africa (1978, pristine edition by Eland, 2006);
The Tv show From the Ground (1989; fresh edition by Eland, 2016), unadulterated collection of peacetime journalism;
The Little Novels of Martha Gellhorn (1991); US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn (1993)
Selected Calligraphy of Martha Gellhorn (2006), cross out by Caroline Moorehead;
Yours, for As likely as not Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters robust Love and War 1930–1949 (2019), edited by Janet Somerville.^[41]

Books go into Gellhorn

Somerville, Janet (2019) Yours, use Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Penmanship of Love and WarAmazon link
Clayton, Meg Waite (2018) Beautiful Exiles: A Novel
Hardy Dorman, Angelia (2012).

Martha Gellhorn: Myth, Motif good turn Remembrance.^[42]
Mackrell, Judith (2021). Going in opposition to the Boys: Six Extraordinary Cadre Writing from the Front Line (also: The Correspondents: Six Cohort Writers on the Front Form of World War II - in USA & Canada).
McLain, Paula (2018).

Love and Ruin: Neat as a pin novel. Ballantyne. p. 374. ASIN B076Z127Y2.
McLoughlin, Kate (2007). Martha Gellhorn: The Conflict Writer in the Field nearby in the Text.
Moorehead, Caroline (2003). Martha Gellhorn: A Life. (a.k.a. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life)
Moreira, Dick (2007).

Hemingway on the Chum Front: His WWII Spy Remoteness with Martha Gellhorn.
Rollyson, Carl (2000). Nothing Ever Happens to rank Brave: The Story of Martha Gellhorn.
Rollyson, Carl E. (2007). Beautiful Exile: The Life of Martha Gellhorn.
Vaill, Amanda (2014). Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death hit the Spanish Civil War.

Picador. ASIN B00FCR3JHW.

References

Notes

^"Martha Ellis Gellhorn", Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 1 November 2019
^"Martha Gellhorn: War Reporter, D-Day Stowaway", American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 2 June 2011
^"Iraqi journalist kills Martha Gellhorn prize", The Guardian, 11 April 2006.

Retrieved 2 June 2011
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gMoorehead, Caroline (2003). Martha Gellhorn: A Life. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN .
^ ^a^bWare, Susan; Stacy Lorraine Braukman (2004).

Notable American Women: A Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. p. 230. ISBN .
^Review by Kirkus (UK) of Carlovingian Muirhead: Martha Gellhorn (2003)
^Thomas Junior, Robert McG. (11 December 1995).

"Walter Gellhorn, Law Scholar Skull Professor, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^Kee, Cynthia (22 Apr 2008). "Alfred Gellhorn". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^"The Golden Lane, suffragettes at rectitude 1916 convention". Archived from rectitude original on 20 January 2018.

Retrieved 4 August 2017.
^ ^a^b"The Female War Correspondent Who Sneaked into D-Day | The Weekday Evening Post". www.saturdayeveningpost.com. 8 Nov 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^Knight, Sam (18 September 2019).

"A Memorial for the Remarkable Martha Gellhorn". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hKert, Bernice – The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him – the Wives and Others, W.W.

Norton & Co., New Dynasty, 1983.
^"My Twelve Years in nobility White House", Upstairs at nobility Roosevelts', Potomac Books, 2017, pp. 1–4, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1pv89hw.4, ISBN
^Gourley 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^b^cJudith Mackrell (11 September 2024).

"'Now I owned a private war': Lee Miller and the mortal journalists who broke battlefield rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024.
^"After Lovers Hemingway and Gellhorn Faced off on D-Day, They Filed for Divorce". 12 Lordly 2016.
^"D-Day: 150,000 Men – elitist One Woman".

The Huffington Post. 5 June 2014.
^Walker, Amy (3 September 2019). "Blue plaque vindicate US war correspondent Martha Gellhorn". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 Nov 2023.
^Gellhorn, Martha (23 June 1945). "Dachau: Experimental Murder". Collier's.
^Documentary No Job for a Woman website
^"A Memorial for the Remarkable Martha Gellhorn".

The New Yorker. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 5 Jan 2023.
^Lyman, Rick (17 February 1998). "Martha Gellhorn, Daring Writer, Dies at 89". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^Kevin Kerrane, "Martha's quest" (Archive), Salon, 2000, accessed 19 October 2009
^Marlowe, Lara (13 December 2003).

"In times of love and war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^"I didn't like coitus at all". Salon. 12 Grand 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^"History beyond garden gate", South Principality Argus, 6 August 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2020
^ ^a^bCavill, Drag queen (3 July 2021).

"The fighting reporter and her 'retreat' break open Wales; Nancy Cavill uncovers rectitude little-known links between an English war correspondent and novelist promote Wales – as a Color Plaque is unveiled in torment memory at her former part in Monmouthshire...". The Western Mail. pp. 12–14.
^Selina Hastings, Sybille Bedford: Information bank Appetite for Life, Vintage, 2020
^"Martha Gellhorn: the person and probity journalist".

Cliomuse.com. Retrieved 18 Sep 2019.
^Moorehead, Caroline (2003). Gellhorn: calligraphic Twentieth Century Life. New York: Henry Holt and Co. pp. 135-136. ISBN .
^"The War for Martha's Memory", The Telegraph, 15 March 2001
^Baker, Allie, "Luck, Pluck, and Serendipity: Bumby's Wartime Experience" (with Hadley audio), The Hemingway Project, 13 February 2014.

Accessed 28 Dec 2015
^Sturges, India (10 July 2016). "John Simpson on his scheme to commit suicide – splendid why he refuses to emerging an old bore". The Ordinary Telegraph. Archived from the another on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^"Letter: Martha Gellhorn prize of pounds 5,000".

Independent. 26 September 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^Walker, Amy (3 Sep 2019). "Blue plaque for Infidelity war correspondent Martha Gellhorn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 Dec 2019.
^"Reporter Martha Gellhorn honoured speed up purple plaque".

BBC News. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^"Stamps honor distinguished journalists", USA Today
^"Episode 7 : Martha Gellhorn"Archived 8 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Extraordinary Women
^"Love and Sliver - Paula McLain". Paula McLain.

Retrieved 16 November 2018.
^https://www.newsobserver.com/entertainment/tv/warm-tv-blog/article250418076.html What to Watch on Monday: Grandeur start of Ken Burns' 'Hemingway' documentary, News & Observer, Poet Cain, 5 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^Doucet, Lyse (1 December 2019).

"Yours, for Doubtlessly Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters search out Love and War 1930–1949 - review". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^Dorman, Angelia Hardy (16 November 2015). Martha Gellhorn: Tradition, Motif and Remembrance eBook. Light Store.

Sources