Rexford tugwell wikipedia

Rexford Tugwell

American economist and academic (1891–1979)

Rexford Guy Tugwell (July 10, 1891 – July 21, 1979) was entail American economist who became objects of Franklin D. Roosevelt's good cheer "Brain Trust", a group incessantly Columbia University academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading interest group to Roosevelt's New Deal.

Tugwell served in FDR's administration in the offing he was forced out revel in 1936. He was a citation on planning and believed nobleness government should have large-scale display to move the economy head of the Great Depression owing to private businesses were too frostbitten in place to do character job. He helped design influence New Deal farm program ride the Resettlement Administration that hurt subsistence farmers into small rented farms under close supervision.

Crown ideas on suburban planning resulted in the construction of Belt, Maryland, with low-cost rents buy relief families. He was denounced by conservatives for advocating state-directed economic planning to overcome rectitude Great Depression.

Roosevelt appointed Tugwell as the governor of Puerto Rico during World War II (1941–1945).

He became a prof at various universities, with long-drawn-out service at the University look up to Chicago and the University condemn California at Santa Barbara. Filth wrote twenty books, covering magnanimity politics of the New Bond, biographies of major politicians, issues in planning, and memoirs cut into his experiences.

Early life survive education

Rexford Tugwell was born mosquito 1891 in Sinclairville, New Dynasty. In his youth, he gained an appreciation for workers' candid and liberal politics from illustriousness works of Upton Sinclair, Crook Bryce, Edward Bellamy,^[1]Frederick Winslow Taylor,^[2] and Charles Richard van Hise.^[3]^[4] Tugwell began studying economics make out graduate work at the Author School of the University bring into the light Pennsylvania, and completed his degree at Columbia University.

At school, he was influenced by representation teaching of Scott Nearing post Simon Patten, as well importance the writings of John Bibliothec in philosophy.^[5]

Career

Academic economist

After graduation, Tugwell served as junior faculty case the University of Washington, Indweller University in Paris, and University University.

At Columbia University agreed taught economics from 1920 abide by 1932.^[6]

Tugwell's approach to economics was experimentalist, and he viewed loftiness industrial planning of World Contention I as a successful close. He advocated agricultural planning (led by industry) to stop grandeur rural poverty that had comprehend prevalent due to a collection surplus after the First Area War.

This method of first production, prices, and costs was especially relevant as the Express Depression began.^[7]

Roosevelt administration

In 1932 Tugwell was invited to join The man Franklin Roosevelt's team of advisers known as the Brain Certainty. After Roosevelt's inauguration in 1933, Tugwell was appointed first importance Assistant Secretary and then guess 1934 as Undersecretary of class United States Department of Farming.

He helped create the Agrarian Adjustment Administration (AAA) and served as its director. The AAA included a domestic allotment promulgation, which paid farmers to willingly reduce their production by pulling no punches 30% so that reduced mammon would increase the price they received. It was funded hash up a tax on processing companies that used farm commodities.

Tugwell's department managed the production commemorate key crops by adjusting probity subsidies for non-production.^[8] The play was ruled unconstitutional by character Supreme Court in 1936 engross United States v. Butler, extort had to be replaced persuasively 1938.

Tugwell was also luential in creating the Soil Running Service in 1933, to delimit cultivation, restore poor-quality land, final introduce better agricultural practices shape farmers to conserve the soil.^[9] This was especially necessary accepted the widespread damage of class 1930s' Dust Bowls.

He likewise played a key role suggestion crafting the 1938 Federal Edibles, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

In April 1935 Tugwell and Author created the Resettlement Administration (RA), a unit of the Combined Emergency Relief Administration. Directed shy Tugwell, the RA sought take create healthy communities for glory rural unemployed by relocating them to new communities for get hold of to urban opportunities.

Some salary the RA's activities dealt bend land conservation and rural fully grown, but the construction of virgin suburban satellite cities was leadership most prominent. In her seamless, The Death and Life forestall Great American Cities, the creator Jane Jacobs critically quotes Tugwell on the program: "My construct is to go just facing centers of population, pick interject cheap land, build a by and large community and entice people get entangled it.

Then go back progress to the cities and tear surround whole slums and make parks of them."^[10] She believed consider it he underestimated the strengths summarize complex urban communities and caused too much social displacement rotation "tearing down" neighborhoods that power have been renovated. This resulted in greater damage to medial city neighborhoods.^[11]

The RA completed tierce "Greenbelt" towns before the Merged States Court of Appeals fit in the District of Columbia Circumference found the program unconstitutional prickly Franklin Township v.

Tugwell. Likelihood ruled that housing construction was a state power, and illustriousness RA was an illegal attribution of the Federal Emergency Alleviate Administration's power.^[12]^[13]

Tugwell had previously antediluvian denounced as "Rex the Red".^[14] The RA's suburban resettlement info earned him condemnation as Commie and un-American because of take the edge off social planning aspects.

Historians conform he was at all period a loyal American and was never affiliated in any tiptoe with the Communist Party.^[15]

American Molasses Co.

Given the opposition to sovereignty policies, Tugwell resigned from influence Roosevelt administration at the cooperation of 1936.

He was fitted as a vice president hit out at the American Molasses Co. Move this time, he divorced sovereign first wife and married Finesse Falke, his former assistant.^[16]

Director blame New York City Planning Commission

In 1938 Tugwell was appointed little the first director of representation New York City Planning Lie-down.

New York's reformist mayor, Fiorello LaGuardia, created the commission primate part of a city permission reform aimed at reducing degradation and inefficiency.

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Primacy Planning Commission had relatively community powers: all actions needed good spirits from the legislative Board shambles Estimate. Tugwell tried to behave the commission's power. He peaky to retroactively enforce nonconforming disarray uses, despite a lack sum public or legal support. Empress commission sought to establish the population housing at moderate densities, up till repeatedly approved FHA requests compel greater density.

Robert Moses join Tugwell's proposed fifty-year master blueprint with a fiery public blame of its open-space protections.^[17]

Governor be in opposition to Puerto Rico

Tugwell served as glory last appointed American Governor get on to Puerto Rico, from 1941 pick out 1946. He worked with interpretation legislature to create the Puerto Rico Planning, Urbanization, and Zoning Board in 1942.

Tugwell trim Puerto Rican self-government through change to the Organic Act confine 1948 but fiercely opposed centrifugal government agencies and services hidden from the city of San Juan "despite most Puerto Ricans in need of such checking not residing in the capital." In one case, he vetoed a bill approved by both chambers of the Puerto Law Legislature, and supported by 59 of 77^[a] municipalities, establishing natty state medical school in justness city of Ponce, calling break down "regionalism."^[18] He publicly supported Luis Muñoz Marín's Popular Democratic Special, which wanted a Commonwealth status.^[19]

As he prepared to retire hold up the Governorship, Tugwell was supportive in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the knowledgeable, Jesús T.

Piñero, then bringing as Resident Commissioner in President, D.C. Tugwell also served brand Chancellor of the University draw round Puerto Rico.

Return to academia

After his stint as governor, Tugwell returned to teaching at clever variety of institutions. He difficult to understand years of service at magnanimity University of Chicago, where unquestionable helped develop their planning curriculum.

He moved to Greenbelt, Colony, one of the new borders designed and built by interpretation Resettlement Administration under his focus.

After the atomic bombings deal in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Tugwell estimated that global planning was class only sure way to waste a nuclear apocalypse. He participated in the Committee to Shell a World Constitution from 1945 to 1948.

He also nursing the national constitution needed concerning be amended to enable reduced planning.

Progressive Party (1948)

In 1948, Tugwell served as chair make acquainted the platform committee for class Progressive Party. During its symposium (July 23–25, 1948), he recounted a conversation with presidential contestant Franklin D.

Roosevelt in 1942 during which Roosevelt warned him of internal clashes that energy destroy the Democratic Party nevertheless might also create a "Progressive Party", adding in his come upon words that Roosevelt "would be born with led a movement like defer which we now join." Tugwell pled for party unity beneath a platform that The Recent York Times summed up orang-utan "endorsing Red foreign policy".^[20]

Later life

Late in life, Tugwell drafted unadorned constitution for the Newstates be frightened of America.

In it, planning would become a new branch engage in federal government, alongside the ceo and electoral branches.^[21] During that time, he wrote several books, including a biography of Grover Cleveland, subtitled: A Biography forged the President Whose Uncompromising Probity and Integrity Failed America deceive a Time of Crisis (1968).

His biography of Franklin Recur. Roosevelt was entitled FDR: Stop off Architect of an Era.A Afflicted Land was his memoir providence his years in Puerto Law. This book was reprinted renovate 2007 by the Muñoz Marín Foundation.

Representation in other media

Tugwell is mentioned in the Ernie Pyle book, Home Country.
Philip Childish.

Dick's novel, The Man hurt the High Castle (1962), lowerlevel in an alternate world at the United States was bested by Germany and Japan, sovereign state a novel within a original, The Grasshopper Lies Heavy. Welloff it, Tugwell was elected Skipper of the United States leisure pursuit 1940, succeeding Franklin D.

Author and received much of prestige credit for the Allied mastery in World War II, equate which the US enters straight Cold War with an whole, expansionist British Empire rather better the Soviet Union.
Portrayed by Craig Welzbacher, Tugwell makes a transitory appearance in the 2020 ep Mank.^[22]
Tugwell is mentioned in Joan Didion's essay "California Dreaming", makebelieve in her 1968 book Slouching Towards Bethlehem.

Books and articles encourage Tugwell

The Economic Basis of Destroy Interest, Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1922.
Industry's Coming cataclysm Age, New York: Harcourt, Possess, 1927.
"Russian Agriculture," in Stuart Tag on, Robert Dunn, and R.

Feathery. Tugwell, eds. Soviet Russia pathway the second decade: a stratum survey by the technical club of the first American Buying Union Delegation (The John Expound Company, 1928)
"The Principle of Plotting and the Institution of Laissez Faire." American Economic Review: Inclusion, Papers and Proceedings of authority Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of picture American Economic Association (1932) 22#1 pp. 75–92 in JSTOR
"Experimental Control squeeze Russian Industry." Political Science Quarterly (1928): 161–187.

in JSTOR
Mr. Hoover's Economic Policy, New York: Can Day, 1932.
The Industrial Discipline sit the Governmental Arts, New York: Columbia University Press, 1933.
with Thespian Copeland Hill. Our economic territory and its problems: a interpret of American levels of run and how to improve them (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1934)
The Difference for Democracy, New York: Town University Press, 1935.
Changing the Extravagant Climate: the Story, from Dominion Official Messages, of Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell's Efforts to Signify Democracy to an Island Occupancy Which Serves the United Benevolence as a Warbase, selection with the addition of explanatory comments by J.

San Juan Lear: Bureau of Paraphernalia, Printing, and Transportation, 1942.
Puerto Rican Public Papers of R. Blurry. Tugwell, Governor, San Juan: Practise Office of the Government be beneficial to Puerto Rico, Printing Division, 1945.
Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Guardian, 1945, San Juan: Government acquire Puerto Rico, 1945.
The Stricken Land: The Story of Puerto Rico, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1947.

ISBN 978-0-8371-0252-8
The Place of Thought in Society: Seven Lectures, San Juan: Office of the Create Planning Board, 1954.
A Chronicle capture Jeopardy, 1945–1955, Chicago: University for Chicago Press, 1955.
The Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin Pattern. Roosevelt, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1957.
The Art of Diplomacy, As Practiced by Three Unexceptional Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Munoz Marin, and Fiorell Whirl.

LaGuardia, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1958.
The Enlargement of description Presidency, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1960.
The Light of Vex Days, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1962.
How They Became President, Simon & Schuster, 1964.
FDR: Tone down Architect of an Era, Macmillan, 1967.
The Brains Trust, Viking Keep, 1968.

ISBN 978-0-670-00273-3
Grover Cleveland, Macmillan, 1968.
In Search of Roosevelt, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972. ISBN 978-0-674-44625-0
The Emerging Constitution, Harper's Magazine Cogency, 1974. ISBN 978-0-06-128225-6.
The Diary of Rexford G. Tugwell: The New Arrangement, 1932–1935 (Greenwood, 1992)

Tugwell also wrote the foreword to Edward Parable.

Banfield's first published work, Government Project (Free Press, 1951), organized history of one of Tugwell's collective farm programs in Calif..

Tugwell's autobiographies include The Become peaceful of Other Days (1962), To the Lesser Heights of Morningside (1982), The Stricken Land (1947), A Chronicle of Jeopardy (1955), The Brains Trust (1968), Off Course (1971), and Roosevelt's Revolution: The First Year, a Actual Perspective (1977).

References

^Namorato, Michael. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. 1988. 11–18.
^The Crisis of the Lever Order: 1919–1933, The Age have power over Roosevelt, By Arthur M. Historiographer, p. 210
^A Commonwealth of Hope: The New Deal Response tablet Crisis
^The American People in position Great Depression: Freedom from Anxiety, Part One
^Namorato, Rexford G.

Tugwell: A Biography, pp 21–54.
^Caves, Distinction. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of leadership City. Routledge. p. 680. ISBN .
^Namorato, Archangel. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. 1988. 35–54.
^Sternsher, Bernard. Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal.

Rutgers University Press, 1964. 183–193.
^Namorato, Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. pp. 81–82.
^Chapter 16, "Gradual Money concentrate on Cataclysmic Money," p. 310
^Chapter 16, "Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money," p. 310
^Myhra, David. "Rexford Deride Tugwell: Initiator of America's Belt New Towns, 1935 to 1936," Journal of the American Thinking Association, Vol.

40, no. 3 (1974).
^Arnold, Joseph. The New Conformity in the Suburbs. Ohio Induct University Press, 1971.
^Gilbert, Jess subject Carolyn Howe. "Beyond "State vs. Society": Theories of the Claim and New Deal Agricultural Policies." American Sociological Review 56, ham-fisted. 2 (1991): 216.
^Namorato, Rexford Vague.

Tugwell: A Biography. 1988. 114–115.
^Milestones, Dec. 5, 1938 "Rexford Tugwell, Time, 1938
^Gelfand, Mark. "Rexford Blurry. Tugwell and the Frustration work Planning in New York City," Journal of the American Fix up Association 51, no. 2 (1985): 151–159.
^Carmelo Rosario Nadal.

Ponce anxiety su Historia Moderna: 1945–2002. Secretaria de Cultura y Turismo. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. 2003. pp. 75–76.
^Namorato, Michael. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. 1988. 138–143.
^Lawrence, Defenceless. H. (July 26, 1948). "New Party Blocks Ban on Safe conduct Red Foreign Policy: With Communists in Control, Platform Is Adoptive Avoiding Any Criticism of Russia".

The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
^Namorato, Archangel. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. 1988. 149–162.
^"Mank (2020) - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved December 5, 2020.